Argument Outline

Light pollution is a topic that is not traditionally thought of a prominent environmental issue, but it has many major impacts on other well-known issues. The idea of changing old-school incandescent light bulbs with more efficient compact fluorescents is a simple change that can help to combat light pollution, energy waste and overall savings for the average home. By exploring compact fluorescents, their benefits and the concerns associated with them, one can begin to see that in fact this change is necessary.


How much will be saved $ wise?
- “According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, if every U.S. household replaced just one regular incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb, it would prevent 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, the equivalent of taking 7.5 million cars off the road. And the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says that by replacing regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs at the same minimal rate, Americans would save enough energy to light more than 2.5 million homes for a year”

- “ . . . replacing one regular light bulb with an approved compact fluorescent light bulb would save consumers $30 in energy costs over the life of the bulb.”


** What about disposal? Is it worth the effort?
- Athens/Hocking Solid Waste District
Web site (does not go to actual website)
Cindy Sharpe
Administrative Coordinator
P.O. Box 2607
Athens, OH 45701
Telephone: (740) 797-4208
E-mail: Athens/Hocking SWD

- EPA document addresses the magnitude of mercury disposal and how to clean it up properly if something bad occurs.


Is the government doing anything to facilitate this change?
- The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, relate this article to the unpublished essay concerning full cut-off luminaries. This is how the government is trying to help . . . we should be asking for more (?) What about public buildings? Schools, libraries, police/fire stations . . . tax payers can demand energy efficient lighting if they will be paying for it. (They cost more at first, but they save energy and last longer.)

Updated Bibliography

Books
1. Mizon, Bob. Light Pollution: Responses and Remedies. Singapore: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2002. Print.

2. Phillips, Derek. The Lit Environment. Woburn, MA.: Architectural Press, 2002. Print.


Magazines

1. BBC, . "Light Pollution Overwhelms Wildlife's Navigational Abilities." Civil Engineering issue 6, 2009: 33. Print.

2. Naege, Robert. "One Man's Battle Against Light Pollution." Sky & Telescope issue 5, 2009: 8. Print.

3. Turk, Cliff. "Report of the Dark Skies Section." Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa 10 September 2009: 177. Print.

4. Gallina, Carla. "Light Done Right." Library Journal 2009: 1-5. Print.


Websites

1. http://www.darksky.org

2. Klinkenborg, Verlyn. "Light Pollution." National Geographic.com. November 2008. National Geographic, Web. 24 Jan 2010. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/light-pollution/klinkenborg-text.

3. http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/44/lightpoll.html

4. Quandt, Matt . "The dark night goes quietly." Astronomy. Web. 24 Jan 2010. http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2249.

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution.

6. www.greenfudge.org/2009/11/05/unpopular-environmental-issues-we-should-care-about.

7. Weiss, Rick. "Health." Artificial Light Casts Shadow Over our Health, study find. 11, November, 2007, 5:22 a.m. Fort Wayne.com, Web. 1 Feb 2010. http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071111/NEWS10/711110397/1005/NEWS10

8. Smith, Dawn. "Write for us." Effects of Light Pollution on Human Health. 14, January, 2009. suite101.com, Web. 1 Feb 2010. .

9. Figueiro, Rea, Eggleston, Mariana Gross, Mark S, Gregory. "Issue Stories." Light Therapy and Alzheimer’s Disease. Januaru-February 2003. Sleep Review, Web. 1 Feb 2010. http://www.sleepreviewmag.com/issues/articles/2003-01_01.asp

10. "Mercury Releases and Spills." http://www.epa.gov. Wednesday, 02/12/2009. US EPA, Web. 22 Feb 2010. http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/.

11. West, Larry. "Environmental Issues, Compact Florescent Light Bulbs: Change a Light Bulb and Change the World." About.com. The New York Times Company, Web. 22 Feb 2010. http://environment.about.com/od/greenlivingdesign/a/light_bulbs.htm.

12. Wilson, Kelpie. "Death to the Incendescent." Truthout. Monday, 28/02/2006. Web. 22 Feb 2010. http://www.truthout.org/article/death-incandescent.

13. "Are Incandescent lightbulbs really going away? -- The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007." 10/06/2008. Web. 22 Feb 2010. http://www.diogenlighting.com/pdfs/industry_incandescent.doc.

Food Inc. - pgs. 183-218

It seems that when reading Food Inc. that we as readers are given the same information presented in different ways. Sure there is some variation of what information is presented, but for the largest part the information is the same. By addressing how the information is presented differently, we can learn how arguments are convincing, or are not convincing.

In the chapter titled, "Declare Your Independence", by Joel Salatin, the information was presented in such a way that I felt as if I had read this section before. This is not to say that the essay was not effective. I was particularly interested in the part where Salatin made comments about how scientists are trying to locate pig's stress gene so that they can remove it. This way the pigs can be abused and not be stressed out. How nice of the scientists! No, it is rather disturbing that instead of doing what I believe would be easier, changing their practice, they are dedicated to using science. Although I believe that locating the stress gene in pigs might have some sort of positive effects in the long run. That is, perhaps it could help scientists understand the nature of stress and how to handle it in all sorts of animals, say humans. But the motivation for this kind of scientific exploration in bizarre and cruel.

In the chapter titled, "Eating Made Simple", by Marion Nestle, the approach is much different. I particularly liked this section. There is something very creditable about the author. The author being a doctor is probably what is most swaying. I learned in this section that dairy products are not essential to our nutrition. I have long known that we, as humans, are basically the only animals that continue to consume dairy after infancy. But I thought there was reason for this, I did not know that we are able to consume all the nutrients necessary from vegetables and fruits to support our bone and calcium health. I was also surprised to read that some cultures who do not consume dairy are actually shown to have stronger bones than cultures that consume dairy. Overall this section was very useful to me because it appears to tell the truth. The author makes claims and is then able to back up those claim with medical/scientific research. This makes the author creditable.

Position Statement

Light pollution is not an issue that is well covered in the mainstream of environmental issues. It would seem that there is an order of importance when discussing environmental issues. This should not be the case. Light pollution is an issue that directly effects many other more well known issues. It has direct links to energy waste and thus is a participator in the energy crisis throughout the world. It also has direct links to wildlife and human health and thus has the potential to seriously effect our environment. So why is light pollution in the background while issues like global warming and water pollution are in the forefront? I propose that light pollution is an issue with many easily applicable remedies. It is an issue that is not the topic of the majority's discussion and this may be a direct cause of the fact that we, as a species, are unwilling to conceive of a world that does not use light in the same way it is being used now. People are uneducated to the effects and the severity of light pollution. With awareness, everyday people can begin to understand what light pollution is and with some simple solutions light pollution can be managed. This is not a topic for scientists with telescopes, it is a topic for every person on the planet.

Food Inc. - 91-122, 169-177

There seems to be an interconnectedness going on within our food production and many of the issues concerning it. Food production, agriculture, the environmental effects, American mind-set are just a few of the reoccurring elements discussed in the book Food Inc. The real magnitude of the issue really takes hold most when you realize that all of the problems are linking. In the chapter titled, "The Ethanol Scam: Burning Food to Make Motor Fuel" the reader learns about how our government has created a catastrophe by supporting ethanol fuel production. The government did this because corn is cheap, it is also subsidized by the government. Corn is cheap because we have made agriculture and food production dangerously "efficient". By making our food so "cheap" we have changed the way we think about food. American consumers have become detached from their food and thus governments and companies has been able to step in and support their own capitalistic needs to make money, whether or not it is what is good in the long term. It really feels like a great, big, endless cycle.

I, as a reader, was so happy to get to the chapter titled, "Why Bother?" This chapter offers some challenges to the average mind-set. Whether or not this chapter will fully sway a person's stance is a matter of opinion. I felt that this chapter was uplifting and hopeful in trying to give reasons why the "you" and the "I" in this scenario is so very important. I suddenly want to grow a garden . . . even though the deer will eat it. It does seem to me that the severity of the situation is not equally paralleled to the solution. It ultimately comes down to saying, "what I do does not matter and that is OK. But I am going to do it anyway because it is the RIGHT thing to do". In the end the real solution to this expansive issue is a drastic change of mind-set in this country's people.

Food Inc. - pgs. 3-64

Watching Food Inc. , the movie was an experience that left me more informed and horrified. There are two parts of the movie that I have in mind in making this statement.
First, I learned a lot about what the industry of organic products is doing in order to become mainstream. In the section of the film including Gary Hirshberg and his company Stonyfield, I learned how he was using the power of other companies, like Walmart, in order to make organic popular. I have never been a fan of Walmart, but what he said made serious sense. By having his products where people can choose to buy it, he can create the demand for more organic products. This "think big" idea is exactly what is needed. Then upon reading about him in the book version, I was captivated by his unrelenting will. It is almost like a fairy tale how Mr. Hirshberg was able to take a company like Stonyfield and bring it back from the dead (nearly). This kind of dedication leaves readers captivated. All American's know the concept of the American dream, but it is something different entirely to see it happen before your eyes and realize that hard work does and can pay off. This aspect of Food Inc. helps to establish that the topic of food production has hope, we are not banished away to live in a country that gives us no say in what we eat, we have the choice.
Second, I was absolutely horrified at the treatment of animals that is discussed in Food Inc. the movie and the book. In the movie, I found it so difficult to even look at the screen when the animals were being mistreated. I remember the segment where there was a cow that couldn't walk because of the conditions it had been made to live in. Because it couldn't walk, workers were kicking and shoving the cow, trying to get it to a conveyor belt so it could be slaughtered. These kind of images stay with a person. In the notes I was making for the film I wrote, "it is like the Holocaust, except we keep breeding them to be killed". The film has a definite advantage is this way over the book. By actually seeing these horrible acts, you can never pretend that they are not real. An advantage that the book had with this issue, is that it offered ways in which to become involved. There were websites one could visit and there were things everyday people can do to try and change this horrible problem.

Research Exploration Essay - 02/08/10

Luminosity Illuminated Through the Miasma

The idea of light pollution is a relatively new issue concerning pollution in general. Issues like water pollution and air pollution have taken priority with researchers and scientists. So what exactly is light pollution? I found many definitions, but Carl Shaflik outlines the definition quite nicely in his article, Light Pollution Environmental Effects of Roadway Lighting. Shaflik states that, “Light pollution is a generic term that encompasses many different aspects of improper lighting . . . The three major components of light pollution are light trespass, glare and urban sky glow” (pg. 8). Light trespass can be defined as light going where it is not intended to go. An example would be if you live next to a street lamp and the light not only covers the roadway it is intended to cover, but also enters your home. Not only is something like this annoying, but that extra light that is entering your home is light waste. It is unwanted, unused energy and energy cost money. Glare according to Shaflik has three areas worth separate definition. “Blinding glare: A glare that is so intense that for an appreciable time after the stimulus has been removed no object can be seen or easily distinguished . . . Disability glare: Glare that causes reduced visual performance . . . [and] Discomfort glare: Glare that produces discomfort or annoyance without necessarily interfering with visual performance” (pg. 10). Urban sky glow is something that everyone may be more familiar with. It is the excess of light given off by urban areas that make it virtually impossible to see the night sky. Beyond this general definition of light pollution there are several other factors that are of interest when discussing light pollution. First, the use of light in public areas and roadways, how it is essential, how it is wasteful and ways to combat its wastefulness is an important issue. Secondly, the effect that light has on our health and the health of nocturnal animals is another factor of concern. Finally, upon examining various articles and concerns regarding light pollution, I intend to create a greater understanding of light pollution to the general reader, why it is important that we reduce light pollution and how to reduce it. As Verlyn Klinkenborg so adequately states in Our Vanishing Night Sky, “the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light” (pg. 1), is the only true way to understand the presents of light pollution in our lives.

First, let us look at the use of light in public areas and roadways. It is essential that some areas are lighted in the night, like roadways. “Reduction of nighttime accidents, aid to police protection, facilitation of traffic flow, promotion of businesses, inspiration of community growth [and] safety for pedestrians” (Shaflik, pg. 8) are just a few of the obvious reasons it is crucial to use light. Although we may not be able to discontinue our use of light, we are able to control the type, quality and placement of light fixtures. Shaflik estimates that “35% to 50% of light pollution is caused by roadway lighting” (pg. 2) and he gives simple, yet important ways to reduce this number. By using light fixtures called full-cutoff luminaries, glare is reduced. Unlike the use of non-cutoff luminaries where the glare produced is nearly equal to the amount of usable light produced. Shaflik also talks about how the average road light fixture has an estimated 25 years of “service life”. So if every non-cutoff luminary was replaced with the more efficient type of full-cutoff luminary, the process of switching would be complete in about 25 years, total. This small switch would not require any extra labor and would undoubtedly help in the fight against light pollution.

Other public areas are concerned with the same things that roadways are concerned with in the ways of lighting. Safety is a main concern because we know somewhere deep in our human minds that things go bump in the night. Specifically talked about in Carla Gallina and Jeffrey Mandyck’s essay, Light Done Right, is the use of lighting for libraries. Although their topic is limited it can be applied to any public area being lighted at night. “Imagine light when and where you need it, illuminating a path to the library entrance as you walk along it; a parking lot lit only when occupied; looking up from your screen or book to view the constellations, even the Milky Way” (pg. 5). It seems like a surreal world of nighttime lights coming on only when you need them, but with motion sensor technology, this does not seem impossibly or even unlikely. This kind of nighttime lighting would even be beneficial for security reasons. If a place of business is not open and the lights surrounding it are only active when someone or something is moving, then surrounding facilities could be more aware of activity and thus more aware or things like intruders or loiterers. Gallina and Mandyck state that, “few libraries have a facilities budget that allows changing lighting for the sole purpose of reducing light pollution. Yet, in many instances reducing light pollution will also result is reduced energy and maintenance costs, which may justify a larger modification program” (pg. 9). Although they are able to come to the conclusion that changing light fixture can be energy efficient, they are unable to exact a number to the affordability of such changes. “It is very difficult to estimate general costs for lighting systems because of how they are specified, purchased, and bid. Just as energy costs vary by client, site, and region, so do light fixtures” (pg. 7). This is a major downfall to their argument but I don’t feel that it totally undercuts their debate. They still make a valuable contribution to why light pollution should be addressed and specific ways in which to do it.

Secondly, the effect that light has on our health and the health of nocturnal animals is another factor of concern. In Verlyn Klinkenborg’s essay, Our Vanishing Night, many environmental issues are touched on. In this essay there is discussion about migratory birds that are greatly affected by artificial lights, also foraging animals that have become more cautious because “they’ve become easier targets for predators” (pg. 1), and nesting turtles that when hatched, “gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective sea horizon” (pg.2) that are led astray by artificial lights. Klinkenborg’s essay glosses over many issues that are very important but does not pinpoint any one specific concern. In Sharon Wise’s essay, Studying the Ecological Impacts of Light Pollution on Wildlife: Amphibians as Models, the reader is given a specific example which can help in gaining a greater understanding of some direct causes and effects. She pinpoints amphibians because they “are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and, thus, are important indicators of the health of ecosystems” (pg. 107). Her overall synapses of this particular issue is that more research needs to be done in order to accurately and scientifically connect artificial light to species degradation, but she does consistently find that artificial light is not beneficial to the lives of amphibians. She uses finding from laboratory, field and natural observation experiments to help address the issue of light pollution in regards to how it affects amphibians. In laboratory experiments she reports that, “melatonin production was lowered in salamanders kept under constant light” (pg. 111) and “a greater proportion of frogs in the darkest lighting treatment metamorphosed than in the other lighting treatments” (pg. 111). This basically states that dark is needed by amphibians in order to live and grow normally. In field experiments she states that, “there were significantly more salamanders active on the forest floor in the dark transects than in the lighted transects. This field experiment demonstrated a short-term reduction in activity of salamanders that were exposed to artificial night lighting” (pg.112). In natural observation experiments Wise addresses another study enacted by Baker in which it was, “hypothesized that toads aggregated under street lamps because of the increased insect abundance (prey for toads) found there. Although such aggregations may be beneficial in providing toads with abundant, conspicuous food source, Baker hypothesized that such aggregation may also make toads more susceptible to mortality as a result of bicycle or automotive traffic” (pg.113). I particularly found Wise’s study to be beneficial because she covers more than one scientific way in which light pollution can affect amphibian life. Although her argument is very narrow, it does show through the scientific lens how light in affecting the life cycle of a particular indicator species. This can be directly related to other species within those ecosystems and even to our own environment. It is well known that nearly all life on the planet earth is greatly dependent on light to regulate our biological cycles. By being aware of findings like Wise’s, we can better understand how our light is seeping into the world of other creatures. By recognizing this problem we can start to approach ideas of how to avoid and fix the problem of light pollution and its effects on other ecosystems besides our own.

In order to demonstrate more fully how humans are affected by light, I would like to address an article by, Mariana Gross Figueiro, Mark S. Rea and Gregory Eggleston titled, Light Therapy and Alzheimer’s Disease. In this article they, “undertook a pilot study to determine if exposure to blue light from light emitting diodes (LEDs) could have a clinical impact on AD [Alzheimer’s Disease] patients” (pg. 2). Their findings basically indicated that by being exposed to this blue light during the day helped patients to be “more awake during the day and more asleep at night” (pg. 3). These findings are not directly related to the issue of light pollution, but they are directly linked to how the use of light affects human beings. It has also been found that when people are exposed to artificial light for long periods of time that their melatonin levels are affected. This has direct correlation to the presents of breast cancer in women. It also has direct links to stress, depression, anxiety, fatigue, headaches and even blood pressure according to many websites like www.greenfudge.org. There is no doubt that humans need light to live and there seems to be no debate that we create light when and where we need it. So because we need light, what can we do to lessen the impacts on ourselves and all things affected by light?

Finally let me address some answers to the questions I posed above. In Bob Mizon’s book titled, Light Pollution: Responses and Remedies, he dedicates a whole chapter (pgs. 142-167) to some of the things that can be done to help combat light pollution. Although he is writing from the stand point of an astronomer, his points are still valid. Mizon states that manufactures can install full-cutoff lighting as discussed earlier. He also states that it is not about turning off all the lights, but it is more about aiming them appropriately, as to not waste light on areas that don’t need it. Mizon also acknowledges that we should look to our legislators in order to make this issue more mainstream. By electing people aware of such pollution, something may be done. This, in my opinion, is something we should all become more aware of. It is a typical feeling to be overwhelmed by any environmental issue, but if we can find someone with the power and voice to get behind, then we are headed somewhere. Similarly Mizon talks about confronting local authorities about public lighting. Here every person has a voice. If you pay your taxes, chances are you have helped to install a light somewhere on the roadways. And if your money goes toward heightening light pollution, you have a say in confronting this issue. Whether it is your neighbor’s security lights or a public roadway’s light that trespasses onto your property, you have the right to address local legislation and make your voice heard. Some simple solutions are to draw your shades at night, use the light you need and keep the light you are not using from going outside of your home. Turn off lights that you are not using, because light pollution is not just about our health and the health of nocturnal life, but it is about saving money and limiting waste. Make good decisions about things like exterior lighting, use lights that light what you need lit, not your whole yard. Many of these examples may seem oversimplified, but they are not. Hopefully, upon examining various articles and concerns regarding light pollution, I created a greater understanding of light pollution to the general reader, why it is important that we reduce light pollution and ways to reduce it.

WORKS CITED

Books

1.) Mizon, Bob. Light Pollution: Responses and Remedies. Singapore: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2002. Print.

Magazines

1.) Gallina, Carla. "Light Done Right." Library Journal 2009: 1-5. Print.

Websites

1.) Klinkenborg, Verlyn. "Light Pollution." National Geographic.com. November 2008. National Geographic, Web. 24 Jan 2010. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/light-pollution/klinkenborg-text.

2.) www.greenfudge.org/2009/11/05/unpopular-environmental-issues-we-should-care-about.

3.) Figueiro, Rea, Eggleston, Mariana Gross, Mark S, Gregory. "Issue Stories." Light Therapy and Alzheimer’s Disease. Januaru-February 2003. Sleep Review, Web. 1 Feb 2010. http://www.sleepreviewmag.com/issues/articles/2003-01_01.asp

Unpublished Essays

1.) Shaflik, Carl. “Light Pollution: Environmental Effects of Roadway Lighting. Technical Paper prepared for: CIVL 582 – Transportation Engineering Impacts.” University of British Columbia. http://www.shaflik.com/documents/LIGHT%20POLLUTION%20TECHNICAL%20PAPER.pdf

2.) Wise, Sharon. “Studying the Ecological Impacts of Light Pollution on Wildlife: Amphibians as Models.” Department of Biology. Utica College, Utica, NY U.S.A. http://www.starlight2007.net/pdf/proceedings/SharonWise.pdf

Web Image

1.) "USA-light-pollution.gif." . Web. 8 Feb 2010. <: www.astro.virginia.edu/.../astr130/lec3-f08.html

Research Exploration Essay

When I woke up this morning, at 6:15 a.m. I turned on every light from the bedroom to the kitchen, “Time to wake-up, time to pretend the sun is up.” I said out-loud. The use of light in nearly every living being is fundamental to their biological processes. With artificial light we can trick ourselves into being awake. By doing this many researchers say, we are messing up our health. We are also messing up the health of our nocturnal neighbors and nocturnal wildlife. We are making the night skies impossible to see within a big city’s limits. But light is used in endless amounts of ways. An article from Rick Weiss states that exposure to blue artificial light has positive effects on both depression and Alzheimer’s disease. By maintaining our natural biological clocks that operate on a light versus dark basis we can avoid ailments like SAD (seasonal affective disorder), something that affects many people. By harvesting the power of light, doctors and scientists have been able to come up with lasers that offer advanced technologies to the world of surgery, like Lasik just to name one. Light speed and light travel is so complex that it remains one of the great mysteries of the entire universe. That is not the topic of this exploration, rather this exploration is geared towards what light has and can do to our health and our communities, our surrounding atmosphere. I intend to explore how the use of blue light is beneficial to our health and how artificial light is negative to our health. I intend to explore how the topic of light pollution can be controlled and how it can be beautiful. For as naïve and superficial as it may seem, aesthetic appeal in everyday (and every night) life is important.

Now that I have been awake for a few hours, the sun has risen and the birds are waking up. The plants can begin their photosynthesis and I feel uneasy at the fact that I have been awake before the plants. With the help of the sunlight I can walk outside to the bitter cold and close my eyes and remember how the morning sun of summer warms my body and creates comfort. Now that the sun is up, somewhere solar panels are absorbing the sunlight. Now that the sun is up, somewhere a business’ light is still on wasting valuable energy. I check the spot lights in front of Ellis Hall, Monday through Thursday morning, when I walk to class, and they are always on. My world for the day have been drenched with light and I can’t help but wonder about the people in Alaska living in the constant dark of winter. How long would it take someone to get used to that? Would you ever get used to it? Once you begin to understand how light is so vital to our existence, it is time to start asking some questions. It will be the hope of this research exploration to ask many questions and find many answers.


Books
1. Mizon, Bob. Light Pollution: Responses and Remedies. Singapore: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2002. Print.

2. Phillips, Derek. The Lit Environment. Woburn, MA.: Architectural Press, 2002. Print.


Magazines

1. BBC, . "Light Pollution Overwhelms Wildlife's Navigational Abilities." Civil Engineering issue 6, 2009: 33. Print.

2. Naege, Robert. "One Man's Battle Against Light Pollution." Sky & Telescope issue 5, 2009: 8. Print.

3. Turk, Cliff. "Report of the Dark Skies Section." Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa 10 September 2009: 177. Print.

4. Gallina, Carla. "Light Done Right." Library Journal 2009: 1-5. Print.


Websites

1. http://www.darksky.org

2. Klinkenborg, Verlyn. "Light Pollution." National Geographic.com. November 2008. National Geographic, Web. 24 Jan 2010. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/light-pollution/klinkenborg-text.

3. http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/44/lightpoll.html

4. Quandt, Matt . "The dark night goes quietly." Astronomy. Web. 24 Jan 2010. http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2249.

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution.

6. www.greenfudge.org/2009/11/05/unpopular-environmental-issues-we-should-care-about.

7. Weiss, Rick. "Health." Artificial Light Casts Shadow Over our Health, study find. 11, November, 2007, 5:22 a.m. Fort Wayne.com, Web. 1 Feb 2010. http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071111/NEWS10/711110397/1005/NEWS10

8. Smith, Dawn. "Write for us." Effects of Light Pollution on Human Health. 14, January, 2009. suite101.com, Web. 1 Feb 2010. .

9. Figueiro, Rea, Eggleston, Mariana Gross, Mark S, Gregory. "Issue Stories." Light Therapy and Alzheimer’s Disease. Januaru-February 2003. Sleep Review, Web. 1 Feb 2010. http://www.sleepreviewmag.com/issues/articles/2003-01_01.asp


Image

1. "ECO ART: Plastic Bag Light Garden." Inhabitat, design will save the world. Web. 1 Feb 2010. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/ecoart_plasticbagprado_main.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/04/04/eco-art-plastic-bag-light-garden/